If this story is true, (and it may not be), it changes what we have thought about the origins of thermobaric weapons. It also could have changed the course of WW2 in one instant. Bear with me as I explain.
Thermobaric explosive weapons came to the general attention of the defence community in the 1990s. They are still widely misunderstood. The explanation is also not helped by slightly odd nomenclature and descriptions. “Thermobaric” is one such descriptor. Sometimes “Fuel Air Explosives (FAE)” is used, sometimes “Vacuum bombs” even if the words have somewhat different meanings. Sometimes thermobaric weapons are infantry weapons, engineer demolition weapons and at other times artillery weapons. Sometimes they are deployed by Chemical units. All these lead to confusion, as do amateurs who also comment that where terrorists add gas cylinders to IEDs they are creating thermobaric or fuel air explosives, when generally that is not the case. If you need to, you should read up elsewhere on thermobarics but please go beyond the rather simplified wikipedia efforts.
Here’s a very simple summary. The ability of a fuel when mixed with air and initiated in the right mixture can cause explosions. This is well known and accidental things such as coal dust explosions in mines, and even dust in agricultural or industrial situations has been known to cause significant destruction. It is possible to artificially, rather than accidentally, cause such explosions to occur, although it is not necessarily easy. Chucking gas cylinders on top of an IED pretty much doesn’t work whatever people may tell you. The oxidisation of the fuel in the explosion and the progress of a blast wave through the fuel and air is very complex and affected by a large number of variables. What is important is the effect of such an explosion. Traditionally military weapons, at least in the West, have concentrated on attempting to reach as high a peak pressure for the blast wave as possible, on the assumption that the higher the peak pressure the higher the damage to the target. Thermobaric weapons however don’t follow that logic. On a graph of pressure over time, the energy imparted by the explosion is represented by “the area under the curve”. Thermobaric explosions give a lower peak pressure but the duration of the pressure is much longer, so there is much more energy involved. The long pressure pulse also has horribly strange effects in terms reflection, reinforcement and effects on targets, structures, and the human body. Long pulses knock buildings over very effectively so thermobaric weapons were seen as useful against structures and some of the “peculiar effects” that themobarics have in some environments made them “good” at killing people and even against armoured vehicles. That’s about all I’m going to say on that aspect of subject for now, do your own research. But they make dramatically different weapons with “new” destructive capabilities and should not be underestimated.
Some sweeping statements now, which I’m then going to hit with relatively new information:
Thermobaric weapons first came to my attention in the 1990s, like most people, I think. The story was the Russia had invested in some new technology and weapons like the shoulder launched RPO-A were the first example. Translation often (in those days and still today) classed these as “flame weapons” which confused the issue but all of a sudden people seemed to realise their effect against targets and the West sat up. More and more thermobaric/FAE weapons have been produced over the years, including RPG variants, and artillery variants. Perhaps the most dramatic variant is the TOS-1 “Buratino”, a Russian armoured multi rocket launcher that has the ability to attack a large area (such as towns, villages, armour start lines, forming up points etc) with a barrage of thermobaric weapons. It has an apparently remarkable effect. Google it. The weapons have been used in Chechnya and indeed the Middle East (probably) and now they are on everyone’s radar. The technology was presumed to have been Russian, and relatively recent. But if you did some research you might have come across a passing reference to an unsuccessful attempt by Nazi Germany to use thermobaric weapons to attacks formations of Allied bombers, with a missile system called “Taifun” – Germany for Typhoon.
A few days ago an old colleague, Paul H., pointed me in the direction of two books. The books are interviews with German soldiers who were in France around the time of D-Day in 1944. As I understand it the interviews were conducted in the Mid 1950s by Dieter Eckhertz and the books have been edited by his grandson and finally published in the last couple of years. WW2 history, like most war history, is written by the victors, and the books are fascinating because they give the perspective of the losing side, from apparent primary sources. The Germans, not surprisingly, often have a different take. On their own, the books are fascinating. There are two volumes, both available on Amazon :
“D Day Through German Eyes – by Holger Eckhertz.
Link https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/B071NTXK2H/ref=series_rw_dp_sw
Kindle version are cheap.
One chapter in Book One has a fascinating chapter regarding the operational use of Goliath RCVs by the Germans against tanks on the beaches of Normandy, and links to my earlier blog post about these early RCVs here.
But it is at the end of the second book that really made me sit up. You really need to read the chapter yourself and I don’t wish to take away from the authors right to be rewarded for publishing it. So here only in startling outline is what is said.:
- Germany had an apparently large effort developing thermobaric weapons in WW2.
- The interviewee, K L Bergmann,was a specialist weapons officer with thermobaric weapons. He eventually died in the early 1980s.
- The design evolved and was used at various stages of WW2 along the development line, that perhaps were very crude to start (not much more than “flame weapons” and got increasingly sophisticated.)
- A version of the Taifun weapon (Taifun A) was used very effectively, allegedly, against Russian Bunker structures in Sebastopol wit dramatic effect.
- A Taifun system of some kind was allegedly used against the Warsaw Ghetto.
- The interview clearly implies that the weapon was “tested” against captured Russian soldiers as human targets to examine the effect on the human body.
- By the summer of 1944, the system had evolved in to Taifun B. It was mounted as an MLRS system on a number of tracked vehicles (Stuka zu Fuss type vehicles) Interestingly (and very importantly) the interviewee who had taken a detailed part in the development program describes the contents of the Taifun B system as containing a burster charge with a fill of kersoene like liquid with the addition of carbon and aluminium particles. I think that’s a pretty credible thermobaric material, in outline. A second missile system fired after the main charge caused initiation of the dispersed cloud, but eventually the initiation was integral by the summer of 1944.
- Taifun B was deployed to Northern France with the intent it be used against any port seized by the Allies as the focus of the invasion. The intent was to simply destroy the port with a barrage from Taifun B and the officer in command appears to have had no doubt it would have that dramatic effect.
- The fact the Allies didn’t land at a port such as Dieppe or Calais for the D-Day invasion and instead landed on beaches surprised the German command and meant the Taifun-B system wasn’t deployed quickly. There is some discussion by the interviewee about the effect the system would have had on the Mulberry harbours.
- Eventually the Taifun B system was deployed to counter the expected US breakout from Normandy, under General Bradley, Operation Cobra. Taifun was deployed to the correct place, and the very densely packed tanks of General Bradle in its form up location was set up as the target. However just before the fire order was given the Taifun B vehicles were hit by counter-battery fire (maybe accidentaly as part of a rolling barage), and the launch of the missiles was prevented.
- Bergmann believed that the use of his thermobaric wepaons would have destroyed Operation Cobra, and could have changed the course of the war. Also he believed that the effective operational use would have convinced the German command to use it again and again.
My assessments:
- The word “Taifun” seems to have been used to describe a number of weapons systems that were part of the Thermobaric program. They evolved over the war.
- I note that some commentators have dismissed some of the interviews in the books as fiction because they don’t match “established facts”. To me the interviews seem authentic but I’m no professional historian. I again point that usually it is the victors who write the history and it doesn’t surprise me there are anomalies from these German interviews. I find the description of the chemical content of the Taifun B system convincing as is the effect of artillery on a loaded Taifun B Stuka zu Fuss vehicle and its rockets. The description of a thermobaric effect is also convincing, as is the evolution of the system, which is logical. Elsewhere separate interviews such as the operator of the Goliath RCVs ring true to me.
- I need to research more on possible Taifun usage against Russian bunkers in Sebastopol in the 1942 offensive. This is slightly hampered because the Germans used “Taifun” to describe a very wide strategic military operation in Russia.
- Ditto Taifun use against the Warsaw Ghetto in 1943 needs more research. There is an odd discussion here: https://forum.axishistory.com/viewtopic.php?t=106078 which describes it as a demolition device using a fuel air explosive to destroy tunnel systems.
- I think anti-aircraft Taifun systems may have been an entirely different system and may or may not have been thermobaric. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taifun_(rocket) Again the use of the word Taifun may be confusing matters
- Research is hampered by a number of things. a. Secrecy of the original project. b. Confusion over the nature of “flame weapons” and thermobaric weapons, with historians and perhaps the military conflating the two, perhaps understandably. c. The use of Taifun to describe a much broader German invasion of Russia and d. the fact that Taifun thermobaric weapons evolved over a period of time. e. A lot of amateurs on the web who while clearly understanding nothing about thermobarics feel able to offer detailed comment.
- To me there is a striking similarity between the Taifun B concept allegedly deployed in France in 1944 and the TOS-1 system of todays’s Russia. I think earlier Taifun A, was possibly simply an engineer demolition tool using a fuel gas pumped into tunnels and defensive structures. Taifun B appears to have been much more advanced system delivered by rockets. Early version of this rocket delivered system required a second barrage to initiate the cloud, but by the summer of 1944 this had been integrated.
This is still somewhat of a mystery, and I’m not yet fully certain it is true – some have raised doubts about the veracity of the author. Let me know what you think.
Here’s a pic of a possible launch vehicle showing large calibre rockets (added Sep 2020)
I just read the books you mentioned in this post and was stunned at the idea of Germany developing and deploying a fuel-air bomb. I went looking for more information and came across your blog. The stories in the books ring true in general, so I wonder if this thermobaric bomb story is true. Very interesting.
Author
Thanks Duane. I remain intruiged by this matter.
I have been reading Otto Skorzenys autobiography “Lebe Gefaerlich” in German. I dont know if there is an English language edition.
I have freely translated the above from the German.
He mentiones a ” large calibre rocket projectile” with “liquid air” with a “size of almost a man ” (5-6ft?) and which looked similiar to an “aircraft bomb” . it was used on an” Infantry assault against the Russian” with “massive effect”
He mentions that the the “reaction of the Soviets was surprising” – “they threatened to use gas. And surprisingly the use of the weapon was discontinued by the Germans”.
Skorzeny at that time 1941-1942 was a Transport officer in the SS divison “Das Reich” outside Moscow.
Was this infact a test in late 1941/42 and perhaps stopped, at least temporarily, until more development took place? Or shifted to another sector (Sevastopol)?
There are credible reasons to doubt the authenticity of the book “Through German Eyes”— and not because the “victors are writing post-war history”. Several professional historians have noted that the existence of available records fail to confirm that any of the veterans named the book actually existed. Nor is there any mention of a “Holgar Eckhertz” or the company he lists as “publisher” in relevant records ot directories in either Britain or Germany. While the accounts are indeed fascinating and detailed, I would treat the book with suspicion until demonstrated otherwise.
According to the interviewee, use was alleged to have discontinued because of the Russians planning to use gas attacks against German forces, which the leadership felt would lead to stalemate like in World War One, so it was decided to shift where they were stationed to Normandy where the conditions were much better for launching the weapon anyways. The interviewee also describes the effect of the blast as “almost Biblical in its proportions” when deployed in the right conditions. I, for one, am a little hesitant to believe just how powerful it was because I think there might be some bias in his mind. From other parts of that interview I sensed some bitterness at some things that could have changed the outcome of the war and there might be some warping in his mind — who knows. I’m not irrefuting it but I would take the interviewee’s account with a grain of salt.
Author
Thank you Dietmar, that is another very interesting piece of the jigsaw. That description does seem to fit a thermobaric weapon of some sort and is useful as it is now another independent source of such a suggestion. Perhaps the threat of retaliatory use of chemical weapons by the Russia caused a careful rethink. Of course such concerns might not have been applicable to the Warsaw Ghetto in 1943.
Of curious note, Skorzenys referenced in Dietmar’s comment was attached to “Das Reich” SS outside Moscow in 42. Das Reich also squared off against Bradley in Operation Cobra in France 1944. If Das Reich SS Div was going to use thermobaric rockets to disrupt Operation Cobra it might make sense that the division was the common link to both incidents.
Author
That’s interesting Brian – great piece of info
I found KL Bergmann to be believable. Although I also thought that he seemed to be self involved and perhaps prone to some delusions of grandeur. It seems the method of the typhoon B weapon had nowhere near the accuracy or reliability that he implied. It seems like the chance of it effectively going off was minuscule. In an open air environment.
Thank-You for your informative and intriguing posts …while reading up on Overlord two summers back, I too stumbled upon Eckhertz’ books on amazon and purchased both. They are incredibly fast reads. I also found Bergman’s story stunning (among many other desperate tales), and on occasion will google “Taifun B” to see whether more evidence of the weapons program have emerged. Your blog is deeply interesting and I appreciate all your insights and findings.
While I have little to add to this topic beyond curiosity and admiration, I cannot recommend Eckhertz’ two books highly enough … they are firsthand accounts of men on the Other Side of Overlord, and I hope that they might be worked into a (hopefully inevitable) Spielbergian “update” feature film of “The Longest Day” … if you will pardon so many mixed metaphors in one sentence. I found the accounts gripping and instructive in many places; Bergman’s story makes one wonder what indeed would have happened if that barrage had missed his position at the outset of COBRA … kind of like “what would have happened if one lone Zero somehow shot down the Enola Gay? Or if the Trojans just set fire to the Horse? Or if Luke Skywalker’s shot had Missed?” Regardless, the stores in “D-Day Through German Eyes” are not to be missed.
I apologize for blending science fiction into an academic discussion. It is the thinnest of margins on which History turns.
Another alternative history ponderable: What might have been the outcome if the U.S. could have used effective thermobaric/fuel-air weapons against entrenched Imperial Japanese forces on the Pacific islands targeted for capture in WW 2? Far fewer U.S. casualties and more Japanese surrenders? Was the U.S. even researching such weapons then? Just wondering.
I read the account from the Book “D-Day through German eyes by Eckhertz” of this device. While it’s an interesting idea, I have no idea how at the time of genesis of tactical rocket technology (1920-1960) this device would have been as effective as
Eckhertz so emphatically described. We know that hundreds/thousands of ideas in every field especially military hardware, a lot of empirical testing is required. The Germans sure had their share of successes and failures. But in both cases much testing went on. For example, most of us enjoy the conquest of space. But we know from old German film, that Von Braun’s team had hundreds of failures. That is true today. SpaceX had a string of 14 rocket crashes in 2020-2021 but no problem. Each failure is logged, videoed, analyzed to the smallest degree. Eckhertz in his book was ecstatic that at 0100 hours on July 24, he would wipe out 400 tanks and armored vehicles some miles away. REALLY? If Von Braun’s team at this same time July 44 was having errant rockets plunging into the North Sea or destroying his launch pad, then where were the stats on this Typhoon device reliably hitting a group of parked tanks. I read it this way: Eckhertz: “I was going to fire the Typhoon early at 12:55 hours because the WEATHER WAS SO GOOD!” But (a big BUT), the USA artillery at that very moment started shelling us. And all the Typhoons were destroyed.” WOW! Interesting coincidence! Yeah, and that 25 pound bass I had on my line, jumped off as I tryed pulling it in my boat….A better version (my view) is that the thing did like most experimental weapons blew up right then when Eckhertz pulled the pin …. he does note that there was a big explosion–well Duh, put a match to 500 gallons of gas and BOOM!! The USA in 2003, thought they could kill Osama bin Laden in the caves of north Afghanistan with a fuel – air thermobaric bomb. It made a huge explosion but did not kill Osama (he may or may not have been in the cave but no matter–like Eckhertz’s device, even 2003 US tech can’t guarantee a kill with our techie weapons in 100% surety.
I read about this weapon in a book which comprised of eyewitness accounts taken after the war from former SS Hitler Jugend members; 12th SS Panzers as I recall.
It appeared that it may have been the close proximity of the massed Sherman tanks of the Canadians that prevented the weapon being used; there were concerns that the weapon at that range may inflict huge losses to the German side as well.
I understand that the interviews first appeared in a book called “Hitler’s Children-Spitting Fire”, and later used in “Sherman Killers” by Sprecht History.
If this weapon had existed and it had forced the Allies out of France, one cannot assume that this would have changed the course of the outcome of the war.
That is because of the Atomic Bomb which was first intended to be used against Berlin. But the war in Europe ended before it could be used. Good thing for Europe and especially for Germany.
Quite a number of years back I was talking to an old German friend of my mother. He spent most of the war on the Russian front. Give him drink and all he would do it talk about the war. One time he mentioned a weapon that was used that killed only through the concussion effect. It sound very similar to the small hand held units the Russians use. He said if you were wounded there was no treatment for you – you died. Oddly, enough he said that there was an informal agree between the Germans and Russians not to use the weapons due to the horrific nature of injuries.
Have read the book. In it the Typhoon B system prepared to fire in northern France was reportedly destroyed by Allied artillery shortly before launch. Can’t help wondering if this was random lucky artillery fire, or if there had been a never disclosed intelligence coup that led to the launch area being targeted.
Another user aptly suggested that perhaps the potent explosives ignited and destroyed themselves in an accident and the interviewee either convinced himself or lied in order to prevent the actual effectiveness being leaked, which I think is also highly probable.
I found this discussion through Google and I might as well throw in the document that brought me here. In the first issue of Tactical and Technical Trends, released by the Military Intelligence Service of the War Department on 18 June 1942, there is this little blurb:
”
LIQUID AIR IN GERMAN SHELLS
The Germans at Kerch are reported to have used bombs, mortar and artillery shells containing a powerful explosive involving liquid air with evidences of magnesium. The resultant air pressure is reported to cause death by lung collapse, a reaction similar to that of death by gas or asphyxiation. The usual protective measures are said to be worthless due to the large effective radius.
G-2 Comment:
Due to lack of United Nations observers on the Russian front, no first hand information is available on this subject.
”
Page 5, document is here: https://archive.org/details/TacticalAndTechnicalTrendsNos1-20/page/n11/mode/2up?view=theater
Certainly I find the reports of death by lung collapse compelling among commentators who otherwise have no idea of thermobaric weapons to influence their reporting.
I have seen many misconceptions in this comment section, so I would like to clear some things. Germany in WWII had plenty of aerosol bomb research with promising results but almost none were fielded. Warsaw Ghetto was not cleared out by Taifun, this is a confusion with the Warsaw Uprising. The leader behind Germany’s aerosol bomb program was Dr. Mario Zippermayr, his specialty was the research of aerosol explosives, this is confirmed by American and Allied documents which can be discovered online, likewise his living relative happily sends over documentation (forgot his name but its on the German Wikipedia). Zippermayr invented “Taifun-Gerät” (Officially known as Schlaganfall) which was a cart with tanks full of ethylene, carbon monoxide and liquid oxygen with attached ignition cable. It was used to destroy the sewers of warsaw during the uprising, this is confirmed by Polish and German sources. Warsaw ghetto uprising however was put down by Germans strategically igniting the buildings which contained entrances to the underground hideours of resistance, forcing smoke to cause them to surface or suffocate – Theres no record that Zippermayr was involved with this. Zippermayr utilized his knowledge of coal dust and aerosol explosions to create the notorious/failure “Windkanone” which you can find images of online, it was only capable of breaking a board of wood, not the anti-aircraft effect he had hoped. In Project Hexenkessel, he was working on the manufacture of modifications for anti-aircraft rockets to release a spread of coal dust to ignite in the air, ripping the wings off of an aircraft. According to US and British, Germans officially tested this by dropping a bomb of the mixture in a testing ground which resulted in a radius of 500 meters of trees being knocked down, although this was likely an exaggeration, the documentation exists. Project Hexenkessel failed after the SS took over weapons research and rushed, causing several failures. It is possible that after successfully testing the bomb in Project Hexenkessel, Himmler decided to try and weaponize it against Operation Cobra. Dr. Mario Zippermayr was not responsible for any war crimes, so he was able to refuse working with American or British scientists. One of his researchers was taken by the Soviets though and used to make “enhanced destruction weapons” for them using aluminum powder.
————-Was Skorzeny talking about Aerosol bombs?——-
No, is the answer. The Nebelwerfer 41 with it’s 15cm rocket had the explosive charge in the tail, below the rocket propellent, Germans had hoped this would result in greater fragmentation but it instead resulted in it exploding right before the ground, causing a fatal shockwave that ruptured lungs and ear drums. Soldiers with zero knowledge of the Nebelwerfer refered to it as the “Pressluftgranate” (Compressed air grenade) believing it was a super weapon, in reality it was a flaw. Multiple soldiers write about it, very few actually explain it. Other rounds had this issue such as the 28 anc 30cm rockets, their shockwave however was from an intense explosion which displaced the air. Nebelwerfer 42 did not have this issue, threats of poison gas were likely hearsay although according to Soviet journals, Nebeltruppen were almost always executed if captured because the Soviets were convinced that they were utilizing a new weapon to suck air from lungs. Germans likely understood the psychological toll from the Nebelwerfer 41’s 15cm rocket which is likely why the Panzerwerfer 42 used 15cm instead of the more accurate rounds for the Nebelwerfer 42. You can see the fatal shockwave from the 15cm rocket by looking at footage of the Panzerwerfer 42.
Hope I helped clear up some confusion!